Economics and Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics and Financial Markets - Essay ExampleThis is what will be dissertated in the following.There be in fact various different typicals that atomic number 18 considered as being major in regards to oligopolistic foodstuffs, and each and every one of these characteristics is just as definitive as the next, however each also must be discussed in regards to its differences as well as similarities to the another(prenominal)s basically the main characteristics of oligopoly are the market is for the roughly part dominated by only a few certain and particular companies which are all relatively large the production of identical products which are similar in that respect are significant barriers to entry the basic interdependence of production decisions inside the market. In other words and to be more specific, an oligpolistic market basically exists when there is a small number of firms which dominate the supply to an entire market. The specific degree of market concentration is very high here, and Firms within an oligopoly produce branded products (advertising and marketing is an important feature of competition within such(prenominal) markets) and there are also barriers to entry. (Tutor, 2007). Another severely major characteristic in regards to oligopolistic markets is the fact of how there is interdependence between firms basically this means that each separate firm must take into account for themselves the facts and the likely reactions of the other firms, and this is especially true when they are making pricing and investment decisions. Although the olipolistic markets are considered as being incredibly beneficial and positive in many ways, there are also certain downfalls, such as the fact that there is uncertainly created in such markets as these, and so therefore economists seek to precedent this through the use of game theory. What are the Characteristic Forms of Competition in Oligopolistic MarketsThere are various different characteristic for ms of competition in markets such as these, and the forms of competition are actually one of the most deciding factors in regards to the outcomes of such markets. Basically, imperfect competition is the most well known and habitual type of competition in this regards, and there are many implications in regards to this form of competition, as the main significance of the four basic characteristics of this structure is that

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken Essay

Has racism in the UK disappeared in the 21st century or merely taken new-fangled forms - Essay Example inequality comes in varied forms including discrimination against sex, color, ethnicity, religion and social status. These terms are used differently whereby others include prejudice by the Americans hence making observations of racial distinctions as racism (Mullings (2005, p. 49). Therefore, racism in the UK has not disappeared but instead it has taken new forms and this is because of varied aspects including globalization, capitalism and policy-making processes. How racism has Taken untested Forms in the 21st Century in the UK Racism in the UK has not disappeared completely but rather taken new forms in varied ways. As the world moves forward into in the 21st century, there are rapid widespread confusion and changes about the meaning of race and this results referable to rapid globalization. Globilisation, which is caused by rapid technological advancement, has been viewed as the cause for widespread confusion and the cause for new forms of racism (Reilly, Stephen and Angela 97). After the destruction of the European colonialism that gave rise to the civil rights movements and the batch for immigration due to globalization, the issue of race became the core subject (Enomoto and Genevieve 55). This contributed to a more critical analysis and creation of awareness of race, but focusing mainly on discrimination and prejudices (Darity 56). Extensive concepts of racial themes from both traditional and modern theorists have been applied in racial issues. The rapid globalization has contributed to varied changes due to modernization thus racism has tended to remain a global issue even in the post-colonial period. Racism has also become popular, but it has emerged with new concepts and increase drastically hence heightening the controversy over the meaning of race. Kundnani (41) argues that British racism is well understood not only by the context of conditio ns, in Britain but also through the global factors. Globilisation has been the key aspect for the rampart new forms of racism, in the UK. The author combines historical perspective with the assessment of current conditions such as the postwar immigration and the evolution of International Monetary Fund structural programs in the third world. Globilisation is the main cause for increase migrations, asylum and new evolution of markets. For instance, the author reveals the way asylums have been treated differently, and this is through making conditions difficult or unattractive for them. Kundnani (39) reveals the way anthropologists have attempted to link mingled with modernization period and race. Other anthropologists argue that race has not vanished but it has been profoundly influenced by political process. The so-called classical theorists of sociology were concerned by go an explanation on the emergence of modernity in Europe and the way these led to varied changes in the soci ety. They understood the consequences of modernity and understood the meaning of the increased capitalism in the society (Chowdhry and Sheila 71). Racial theme became the central theme after the dawn of capitalism and the problem of dealing with the social problems emerged. Hence, varied changes among the nations and ethnic understandings about the meaning of race have been explained by using comparative approaches (Gioseff 47). Additionally, in the new 21st century where there are new political processes, racism has not disappeared but changes thus forming a new form. The political process

Impact of the Media on the Development of a Child Research Paper

Impact of the Media on the Development of a Child - Research Paper ExampleThe teens have invaded the media in droves and according to the recent research, they constitutes almost seventy percentages of the users especially in cyberspace and broadcast media, the big question is whether the media is contributing confirmatively in the development of this cellph one and only(a) of population. Certainly, the answer is no, it is now ap enhance that the media particularly the internet has made the moral turpitude of the teens to be put to doubts and ascertained that this is the avenue through which they explore and bore illicit behaviors. Medias Contribution in development of the Teens It is not accurate to state that media does not have any meaningful contribution in the lives of teens. It is truthful that it does influence many things with positive outcomes, an example of the case in the US where adolescent obesity has been mitigated through the media (Ford 11). Notwithstanding, when critically assessed it will be make up that media has also contributed negatively in the lives of the teens by exposing them to issues related to sex, an example is the phonographic videos in the internet. Teens have also fallen into the trap of engaging in the illicit activities succeeding(a) the kind of advertisement they are accorded in the media. The media is thus an area where both positives and negatives conducts are drawn by the teens. Positive Attributes of the Media on teens Development The media has significantly contributed to the positive development of the teens in several ways helping them to achieve their life objectives. These positive impacts of media to the teens include academic improvements, growth of a reading a ending and networking. Academic Improvement According to research, it has been proven that the teens with computer and laptops in their room demonstrate remarkable improvement in their performance in academic work. This is attributed to the feature that by having computers, they not only have the ease to reach information through the internet but also get motivated and spend more(prenominal) hours reading information in the internet. Television show are also rated to have the best educational session on several issues that even the parent might not be having good grasp of knowledge about. In a close supervision then, television can prove to be one of the best informative media on relevant issues to the teens an example is the show by Dr Oz and Oprah (Ford 17). Inculcation of the Reading Culture and Networking It is certain that our reading culture is threatened with the technical advancement today, as most of the teens demonstrate a very poor reading culture that needs to be reinforced. The print media that details several issues that takes graze around the world is rejuvenating this culture. Through the magazines, journals that discuss the topical issues, the teens are fond of extracting the information in them through read ing and this is helping in realizing the culture of reading. The internet on the other hand, provides the teens with a faster and safe way of interaction and can have the opportunity to share on some of the issues that interest them with whomsoever they guide around the world (Ford 20). Therefore, parents should then ensure that their children do not fall a prey to the other sides of the media that bears contrary impact. This precautionary measure ensures that the teens do not succumb to the disturbances, obsessions, depressions, and mental deterioration characterized with dwindling academic performance. Negative Attributes of the Media to the Teens Several studies have indicated that teens who demonstrate

Strategic Management in the quality of construction Assignment

Strategic Management in the flavour of construction - Assignment ExampleThe strategicalal planning would alter the quality of construction to get better and lead with a systematic approach (Rojas, 2009). A detailed review about the construction quality that is beingness practiced worldwide is collected with the help of information available through various sources. This research shows how there have to be establishment and maintenance of quality in the construction processes and how important this is. The information collected shows the consequences of the development of quality based schemes and tools on the construction side. In this process, there has to be importance devoted to the security, tools, architecture, querying and overall performance relating to the other competitors. Quality construction requires a need for review in all the sections to make sure nothing goes wrong. Literature examine In the past years, research has shown that there is a never-ending growth in the construction industry across the world (e.g. Woodward, 1997 Neeraj, 2000 Ruban, 2002). Due to the increasing macrocosm there is increased need of houses and buildings, furthermore developing countries are looking forward for a change for which they need the help of infrastructure and thus construction. This continuous change and growth in the industry have lead to many an(prenominal) initiatives to be introduced and being adopted aiming to further improving the quality of construction (Tang et al, 2005). The strategic management of the construction process focuses on these initiatives and aims at developing the same processes to the expectations of the respective people. Some of the initiatives that are strategically planned are the development of ersatz procurement strategies that will enable and improve the communication structure of the different participants involved in the construction process (Davis, Goetsch, 2009). Secondly, the introduction to the use of computer te chnology that helps the enhancement of the construction process through the use of electronic data and sharing. Thirdly, the introduction of a wide range of concepts and tools to improve efficiency and quality would be used and lastly, the development of the improved materials and construction methods including standardization (Skaik, 2009). Strategic management for the construction quality, just like every other industry, has the same approach. The approach for the strategic management has always been to be able to enhance the performance of the business. In the construction industry too, the strategic management in the quality of construction is aimed to fix benefits to the companys growth and efficiency in the future, and also over the other competitors in the industry (Rumane, 2010). The managers of the construction project are supposed to be able to strategize their resources, their aims and their techniques to fulfill the expectations. The strategic management does not only i nclude the strategies but also the ways in which they are carried out from the beginning to the end. And yet, many of the strategic management plans are failed. Quality of construction is immensely important no matter in what perspective the statement is drawn (Pheng, 2005). Whether it is the constructor, the contractor or the owner, each and all are concerned with the quality of construction. Griffith (2011) defines construction as a process that could be commercial, residential or any other role there would be absolutely no

Leadership and Human Behavior Essay Example for Free

Leadership and Human Behavior EssayLeadership and Human Behavior Introduction In at present fast moving world, characterized by major changes in technologies, different industries are constantly forced to revolutionize their products and services to the point that the business world has run short more competitive and unpredictable than ever. There is a great need for people who are able to cope with change. In his article of What Leaders truly Do, John P. Kotter said that, mre change always demands more leadership. The question of interest to me is to know which leadership approach suit the best in coping with change. In this paper, I will first develop an understanding of the concepts underlying the barrier leadership. Secondly, I will examine different leadership style through digest of some subjects studies explored in class. Subsequently, I will reflect on my personal style and present my conclusion. Definition and understanding To begin with, it is worth understandin g what the term leadership means. There are hundreds of definitions proscribed in that respect related to this term, but each of them differs from virtuoso to a nonher. The most appealing definition I found is the one from Don Clark of Big Dog Leadership.He defines leadership as a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. My interest to this definition resides in the way the author refers to some important elements of leadership such as influence, people, and objective. Kevin Martineau of style Hardy Baptist Church has nicely put together the common elements that many leadership definition share that I thought to be useful in my understanding of leadership concept.First, he mentions that leadership has to involve people. Without people following, being influenced, having their needs met or being motivated, mobilized, resourced and directed there is no leadership. Next, he adds that leadership is taking people to a destination/goal. Leaders take the people who are following them on a journey. On that journey there is a destination. A leader must(prenominal) know what the destination/goal is that they are leading people to. To conclude, he states that leadership involves influence.A leader must be able to influence, motivate, mobilize and help others reach the destination. This means that the leader must be equipping and helping others to reach and realize their potential. This in-depth description gives us a clear understanding of what leadership means and what effective leaders really do. However, the question we might wonder is to know how leaders carry out their everyday jobs? Certainly, it would be difficult to provide just one specific answer that best respond to this question, considering that there are many factors that play into account.However, in this paper I will focus on the type of leadership style used. Leadership Style Through the readings, analysis and class discussions of different cases studies explored in this class, I gained awareness of different leadership styles. In the following lines, I will like to highlight some cases that caught my attention. The first is the case study of Amelia Rogers at Tassani Communications. Rogers had a very task-oriented leadership style. She had a set of skills needed to get thing through, great sense of vision and strategy.Some people in the case described her as a good thinker, hard worker, and she delivers what she says she is going to deliver. Her tendency of being so focus on getting work done and seeing results led her to have tough management style and she was not thinking much about her work relationship. She found herself being in meshing with her co-workers on numerous occasions. Describing her own management style, she said that, I like to nip my conflicts right in bud and deal with them head on, straight on, not hide them under things.

Mercantilist Relationship Between the American Colonies and the British Government Essay Example for Free

Mercantilist Relationship Between the American Colonies and the British Government Es verbalizeMercantilism is an frugal policy and guess where the government has complete control of trade, both foreign and inside boundaries. This policy was dominant during the 16th, 17th, and late 18th centuries, it demanded a positive balance of trade in the midst of the countries it was involved with.There were galore(postnominal) policies that were within the theory based upon mercantilism including, building a network of overseas colonies and sorry them to trade with other nations, forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships, export as a trade barrier using home(prenominal) goods and services competitive against imports, and restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff barriers to trade. The British government accomplished a mercantilist relationship with the American colonies that was to its benefit until 1763 and therefore the relationship no longer was of economic benefit to the British cr induce.Prior to 1763 the colonists had no choice but to go along with Parliaments right to restitution trifleions on their behalf and the predominance of Britains economic benefits over their personal ones. Seven long time War was the war that altered the parliaments actions, had been intended to regulate trade and nonhing else, Parliaments arrangements began to conflict with the colonists interests. This caused the colonies to grow and thrive, by the time the British realized this Americans had already established lucrative trade with other countries.Britain became more aware of this growing problem and began to keep a close eye on the colonies and implemented regulatory policies, the British instituted a series of laws of trade and navigation known as the Navigation deeds. The purposes of these acts were to limit colonial trade to the British only. For this to be accomplished all in all employment to be done involving the colonists was to be on either Engl ish vessels or colonial-built vessels, therefore, if colonists planned to trade with other nations all of their goods had to world-class be shipped to England.This gave the British the chance to get a hand on the items being traded and to collect revenue from taxation before the products were traded. Another limitation that was plant on the colonies was that in state to trade products such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton it had to be done with the British only. When the British would notice the colonies beginning to make profit they would add the product that was causing the increase in revenue to the list of products only to be traded with them. Although there were m either restrictions primed(p) upon the colonies, they did not cause as much damage as Britain may gravel hoped. benjamin Franklin answered when asked, I have never heard any objection to the right of laying duties to regulate commerce but a right to lay internal taxes was never supposed to be in Parliament, as we are not represented there. There were even any(prenominal) benefits even to having these regulations, such as a built in market for raw products that they had and the British did not rigidly enforce the trading regulations that were dress out. Following cracking Britains achievement of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War allotted the Proclamation of 1763 in October of 1763.The purpose of the promulgation was to establish Britains new North American Empire and to stabilize associations with Native North Americans through regulation of settlement, trade, and land purchases. The declaration kept certain lands for the Indians and prevented the colonies from settling inland. The colonies wished to expand their territory inlands but with the Proclamation of 1763 they were unable to do so, causing massive amounts of interest conflicts. The British seemed to be enforcing this proclamation more so than any other laws placed on the colonies before .Troops were stationed along the frontier to give the colonists no control over attempting to expand their universe of discourse inland. The colonies feared for overpopulation and crowded cities along the coastline. It appeared that the break down of this mercantilist relationship between the United States colonies and Britain along with the split of America from the British Empire was unavoidable. Before the French and Indian war, Britain was having a hard time keeping up with and maintaining regulations that they had placed upon the colonies.The trade laws were inadequately implemented and the colonies were able to go about their own political and economic systems independently. But, with the close of the war Parliament concluded the time of this neglect of enforcement and became more dominate with the colonies in order to reestablish complete control over their trade. permeable laws that were established to benefit Britain were enforced vinegarishly and new laws were also appl ied to further benefit the British.This light-emitting diode to animosity between Britain and the colonies because the colonies experienced economic liberty for too long a period causing the colonists to have no desire to return to how things used to be. The aggressive application of the Navigation Act to the colonists restrained their manufacturing operations and increased resentment against the British Parliamentary. The severe enforcement of these laws led to inflation and alienation in the colonies, neither of which benefited the British Empire. During this time of strict enforcement there were many more laws and acts placed upon the colonies to restrict their trade and growth.Parliament passed the Sugar and Molasses Act trying to bring the colonies in line with regard to payment of taxes. The Sugar Act reduced the rate of tax on molasses and listed more foreign goods to be taxed including coffee, wines, sugar, and various other goods. The tax on caused the instantaneous deter ioration in the comical industry in the colonies. This interrupted the economy in the colonies because it reduced the markets to which the colonies could sell and the amount of currency available to them for the purchase of British manufactured goods.This act, and the Currency Act, set the stage for the revolt at the imposition of the form Act. The Stamp Act of 1765 was a direct tax on documents and articles, this act directly affected all colonists. The law required a stamp to be placed on all printed materials, including legal documents, almanacs, pamphlets, and newspapers. Although this affected all colonists, lawyers, clergymen, and printers felt the wrath of this act the most. Benjamin Franklin stated There is not gold and silver enough in the colonies to pay the stamp duty for one year.The before and after of this act set in stone the perceived idea that the mercantilist benefits of the relationship between the colonies and Britain may have run its course. After debate about the collection of taxes due to the Stamp Act was the Quartering Act of 1765. The Quartering Act was part of the intolerable acts the purpose of this act was only to take back hold of the colonies. The act profaned the Bill of Rights, which forbids taxation without representation and the raising or keeping of a standing army without the consent of Parliament colonies disputed the legality of this Act.In his first speeches in Parliament, Camden said, taxation and representation are inseparable this position is founded on the laws of nature it is more, it is itself an eternal law of nature for whatever is a mans own, is absolutely his own no man has a right to take it from him without his consent, either expressed by himself or representative whoever attempts to do it, attempts an injury whoever does it, commits a robbery he throws down and destroys the distinction between liberty and slavery.Taxation and representation are coeval with and essential to the constitution If the soldiers outnumbered the housing available the colonies were expected to pay the approach of housing and feeding the troop, after the arrival of the troops New York refused to pay for supplies causing the troops to have to stay aboard their ships. Even after attempts to alteration the Stamp Act, New York still resisted which led to the face-lift of this act and the Stamp Act.With no doubt it seemed that violent hostility would prevail even with any drive to change the Acts making it almost impossible for Britain to establish any hope for a beneficial relationship with the colonies. The steady resistance to the Stamp Act led to it being abstracted, which cost the British, Suppose a military force sent into America they will find nobody in arms what are they then to do? They cannot force a man to take stamps who chooses to do without them.They will not find a rebellion they may indeed make one. This repeal showed the colonists that their resisting the act worked and would put fire to th eir future revolts considering this worked for them. The British were losing money now and the colonies did not seem to be hurt as badly as would have been hoped by the British. To down play the win that the colonies had just accomplished Parliament set out another act, the declaratory Act, to serve as a punishment.The Declaratory Act asserted that Parliament had, hath, and of right ought to have, full condition and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America in all cases whatsoever. In the context and the word choice in which this was written shows that the act was intentionally clear-cut and to the point. Parliament had the upper hand and the absolute power to make laws and changes to the colonial government, in all cases whatsoever.Caught up in attempting to strip the colonies of their freedoms in order to prevent them from creating a profit, the British were losing money and quite frankly, political campaign out of it. In one final attempt to gain back control of the colonies and make their relationship work Parliament passed the Townshend Act. A colonist set as Brutus argued against that assumption, stating, Nothing can be more flagrantly wrong than the Assertion of some of our mercantile Dons.John Hancock adds, Taxes equally detrimental to the technical interests of the Parent country and the colonies are imposed upon the People, without their consent Taxes designed for the Support of the Civil Government in the Colonies, in a Manner clearly unconstitutional, and unrepentant to that, in which till of late, Government has been supported, by the free Gift of the People in the American Assemblies or Parliaments as also for the Maintenance of a with child(p) Standing Army not for the Defiance of the newly acquired Territories, but for the old Colonies, and in a Time of Peace.This testimony written in a garner was tremendously effective in the efforts to abolish this act placed upon the colonies there were also the Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, which had its influence on the consequence as well. There were twelve letters that were widely read and reprinted throughout the thirteen colonies, and were a major factor in attempting to unit the colonists against the Townshend Acts.Dickenson, the farmer, acknowledged the immense power that the Parliament had in concern for the whole British Empire but argued that the taxes that were given to the colonies were for purpose of their own personal gain in revenue rather then what was stated in the books of the acts being for purpose of trade only. Dickinson foresees the possibility of future conflict between the colonies and Great Britain, but urges against the use of violence, If at length it becomes undoubted that an inveterate resolution is formed to annihilate the liberties of the governed, the English history affords frequent examples of resistance by force.What particular circumstances will in any future c ase justify such resistance can never be ascertained till they happen. Perhaps it may be allowable to say generally, that it never can be justifiable until the people are fully convinced that any further submission will be destructive to their happiness. The colonies boycotted this idea, their boycott, although it failed, gave them the capability to continue to not follow the acts that the Parliament required of them. The British had no way to enforce the collection of taxes so Britain had no choice but to repeal the Townshend Act.Britain was completely unstable and given this, the mercantilist relationship was coming to an end between the United States colonies and the British the Tea Act would create the breaking point for this relationship. An act to allow a drawback of the duties of customs on the exportation of tea to any of his Majestys colonies or plantations in America to increase the deposit on bohea tea to be sold at the India Companys sales and to empower the commission ers of the treasury to grant licenses to the East India Company to export tea duty-free.The Tea Act of 1773 caused in turn the capital of Massachusetts Tea Party, which aggravated the British so greatly that they delivered a punishment act. The punishment acts were called the Coercive Acts and also, along with other acts, became part of the intolerable acts the British had placed upon the colonies. The Boston Port Act, The Massachusetts Government Act, The Administration of Justice Act, The Quartering Act, and the Quebec Act were all placed in order for Britain to again attempt to take control over the colonies.The restrictions placed on the colonies by these acts included the closing of the port of Boston, limited the meetings to one meeting per year, allowed the governor to move trails, and attempted to sept the British solders. This out lash of over bearing authority over the colonies became known as the main reason that the mercantilist relationship could not continue.Britains attempts of harsh leadership and the lack of economic opportunities became great enough to continuously push the colonies away and gave them reason to revolt and not comply. As years passed the interests of the colonies and British began to not be similar in any ways, causing conflicts. The colonists educated themselves in ways that the British had not expected, giving the colonies the upper hand in shrewd what they deserved and what was being taken from them.There were no longer any benefits to having a relationship with Britain and the colonists were well educated on this fact and showed their feelings on this locution in many ways. The mercantilist relationship was no longer making a profit for the British Crown or bringing benefits to anyone it was causing them to lose money. This privation was apparent after the downfall of both the economic systems after the French and Indian War in 1763.

Ashley Fields Disseration Essay Example for Free

Ashley Fields Disseration EssayAshley Floyd Fields This dissertation examines the fantasy of lore in decision-making by means of a Literature Review and a study of measures within organizations. In the Literature Review, the nature and experience of the riding habit of intuitive skills and abilities will be examined and discussed. Research questions regarding the relationship between intuitive-type plan processes and regularitys of thinking and decision-making ar considered. Fin ally, the Literature Review will explore rational and non-logical systemal processing styles in decision-making and the organizational set which call for an intuitive approach. Using a survey instrument, the study will examine group differences in measures for unmarrieds having various positions and offices within a variety of organizations. Dr. Gary Saltons organizational Engineering archetypes (Salton, 1996) which be consistent with the concept of cognition, stick out the focus of this s tudy. Organizational Engineering differs from other theories by looking at recognition as a phenomenon arising naturally from the discipline processing and decision-making manners and panaches employed by individuals.The search question is Do various combines of method and elan produce results that are consistent with the findings other questioners have attributed to intuition? The research question was tested by five inter tie in hypotheses. Three hypotheses were designed to examine both the thermolabile Stimulator and comparative Innovator style comp sensationnt and their proposed relationship to hierarchy. In addition, two hypotheses were designed to test Research nurture, Information applied science, and Customer Service for the proportional level of intuition required to discharge these functional responsibilities effectively.All of the study hypotheses were found to perform as anticipated at a very high level of significance. However, in dead reckoning 2, the le vel of Reactive Stimulator did vary systematically within leadership ranks. Ashley Floyd Fields In fact, individuals employ an unmixed method (organization of data being input) and a thought and/or execution mode (character of in extended output) would arrive at decision options which would non appear to follow any of the standard, logical, and/or existing processes.Thus, an distant observer would tend to attribute the unexpected idea as arising from some sort of acuteness process founded on intuition. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While make-up this dissertation, I continually thought of its beginning, when, in an intuitive moment, I decided to research the drug abuse of rational and non-rational thought processing within organizations. I believed then, and especially now, the topic would provide significant brain wave to the behavior within organizations at the individual, group and organizational levels.The process I have gone through is non unlike what happens immediately in organ izations. At various stages of development, I received a spectrum of responses, both encouraging and challenging. What I thought was cutting edge research many multiplication felt like bleeding edge because one of the characteristics associated with intuition is the inability to fully explain how you arrived at the answer being professed. Fortunately, as happens in organizations, well-read individuals stepped forward and supported going forward with the research.At this time, I would like to gratefully ac manageledge my committee members Dr. Ron Fetzer, Dr. William Snow, Dr. Bill Harrington, and Dr. Joe Balloun. For anyone who has been or is currently in a doctoral program, you know words are inadequate to announce appreciation for people who have dedicated themselves so that others, like myself, could achieve such(prenominal) a significant milestone as the completion of the research process. A nonher critical and crucial supporter of this work is Dr. Gary Salton. Dr.Salton exemp lifies the intuitive practitioner who, years ago, began developing the concept of Organizational Engineering and compiling the database which became the basis for this research. His unselfish contributions enable us all to benefit from organizational insights to this research which can facilitate new methods and relegate results at all levels for organizational workers. Also during the course of researching and writing this dissertation, I have been blessed to have discussed this work psycheally with individuals well known in the fields of tune, organizational development, and change management.I wish to thank the following people whose conversations were both encouraging and enlightening Dr. Weston Agor, Dr. Bill Taggart, Patricia Aburdene, Dr. Charles Garfield, Dr. Elliott Jaques, Dr. Warren Bennis, and Sharon Franquemont. In addition, I wish to thank the individuals who have assisted me in various ways over the years. Lest I should unintentionally leave one or two out, I say t o them since entrust Much Thanks. Without you I know I would not have made it. As you read this, you will know in your hearts and minds who you are.Last but not least, I would like to express my love and appreciation for my family, who have sacrificed time and resources during both the course of study and the writing of this dissertation To my loving and supportive wife, Sharon, who wanted me to finish as much as I did to my children, Whitney and Geoffrey, who wondered if they would graduate high school before I absolute my course of study and to my parents who, May They Rest in Peace, did not live to see this moment in time, at least not from here on earth.TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables List of mannikins Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION Purpose of the force field Significance of the Study Theory/Aspect of Theory existence Tested Research Question description of Terms Overview of Total Research Study 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Definition of Intuition Major Theorists Researchers Manage ment orient Research 28 doeration Summary 3.METHODOLOGY Variables Relational Innovator Dimension supposal 1 Reactive Stimulator Dimension guess 2 Organizational Level opening 3 Relational Innovator/ Reactive Stimulator possibleness 4 hypothetic Analyzer/ Logical Processor Hypothesis 5 I-OPTTM Instrument Database Subjects macrocosm Instrument Design Validity and Reliability of the Instrument Data Analysis Environment Summary 4. ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three 1 1 1 2 7 7 8 9 9 10 18 40 42 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 54 55 55 57 59 59 60 60 63 67 ix xiHypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Summary 5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Overview of Significant Findings Limitations of this Study Implications for Human Resource Management Professionals Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions Appendix A. I-OPTTM SURVEY B. THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION AND METHODOLOGY C. PERMISSION earn D. CLASSIF ICATION OF HIERARCHICAL LEVELS REFERENCES CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 78 82 83 83 85 85 88 90 91 93 96 98 101 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10A. 10B. 11. 12. 13. 14A. 14B. 15. 16. 17A. 17B. 18. 19. 20A.Instruments Measuring Intuition Examples of Work Groups in the Database Types of Industries/Areas Included in Database Organizational Distribution of Experts Occupational Positions of Experts Educational Achievements of Experts Statistical Results of Hypothesis 1 Relation of graded and Relational Innovator Levels Statistical Results of Hypothesis 2 Relation of gradable and Reactive Stimulator Levels Mann-Whitney Test Results of Hypothesis 2a Leaders versus the Population in Reactive Stimulator Score Hypothesis 2 Leader Median and entail Reactive Stimulator Results Hypothesis 2 Population Medianand Mean Reactive Stimulator Results Non-Parametric Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Relation of Hierarchical Position to curator Pattern Levels Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Leaders versus Population in curator Pattern Levels Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 3 Leaders versus Population in curator Pattern Levels Hypothesis 3 Population Conservator Pattern descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 3 Leader Conservator Pattern Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4 Changer Comparison of Research Development and Information Technology Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 4Changer Pattern Comparison of Information Technology and Research Development Functions Hypothesis 4 Mean Research Development Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hypothesis 4 Mean Information Technology Changer Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Mann-Whitney Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5 Conservator Comparison of Population and Customer Service Median Test Statistical Results of Hypothesis 5 Conservator Pattern Comparison of Customer Service And Population Hypothesis 5 Mean Customer Servi ce Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Page 40 52 53 58 58 59 61 63 66 66 67 68 70 71 72 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 80 20B. 21.Hypothesis 5 Mean Population Conservator Pattern Results Descriptive Statistics Hierarchical Distribution of LeaderAnalysisTM Database 80 100 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6A. 6B. 7A. 7B. 8A. 8B. 9A. 9B. 10A. 10B. 10C. 11A. 11B. 11C. Basic Information Processing expressive stylel magnanimous Scale Determinants of Information Processing Method Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Mode Summary of Strategic Patterns Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Hypothesis 1 Median Scores by Hierarchical egregious Hypothesis 1 Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2 Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 2 Mean Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3 Median Scores by Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3Mean Scoresby Hierarchical Rank Hypothesis 3 Median Score by Population and Leader Hypothesis 3 Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Leader Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Median Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Percent of Cases above Median by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 4 Changer Pattern Mean Scores by Information Technology and Research Development Hypothesis 5 Median Scores by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5Percent of Cases Above Median by Population and Customer Service Hypothesis 5 Mean Scores by Population and Customer Service Page 3 3 4 8 16 62 62 64 65 69 69 72 73 76 77 77 81 81 82 CHAPTER 1 Introduction This study examines the concept of intuition in decision-making by means of a literature review and study of measures currently being used within organizations.Human behaviorists have examined why the performance of some people get them to the top enchantment others around them remain in lower levels of the organization. They have considered situations such as, stipulation the same information, one p erson completes a problem-solving process much sooner than another with nearly the same responses and wondered how that happened.This research focuses on the relationship between intuitive thought, organization level and function. It explores the use of intuition in decision-making and the organizational conditions which call for an intuitive approach. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this research is to determine the systematic use of intuitive skills and abilities in business organizations.Management research historically has been biased toward the analytical process in decision-making. This rational approach has been more than popular as the preferred and acceptable method for studying management practices. Alternative un incorporated methods have been ignored or labeled irrational in the negative sense.However, since this studys focus is revolve about on working adults, judgment can be reached exploitation other non-logical thought processes such as intuition, which contr ibute into account years of expertise, considerable introspection, and/or informal rules learned over time. This study identifies major theorists and their opinions and findings, as well as their sources of learning. However, no attempt is made toexhaustively identify all sources referencing the theories and studies related to intuition.Primary examination is given to twentieth century researchers, although earlier authors of prominence are noted in selected cases. Significance of the Study Eisenhardt (1989) linked rapid decision-making to such characteristics as decisive, operations-focused, get hold ofs on, and instinctive. thence, fast decision-making is linked to effective performance. As an mannequin of behavior linked to fast decisionmaking, Eisenhardt found executives gathered real time information on firm operations and the competitive environment which resulted in a deep, intuitive grasp of the business.This intuitively- ground understanding translates into improved busi ness performance. Many managers report using intuition in their decision-making, in spite of the deeply rooted bias against non-rational methods (Agor, 1984a Agor, 1984b Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974 Isaack, 1978 Mintzberg, 1976 and Rowan, 1986).Reports of managers use of intuition ranges from inferential processes, performed under their own pre-existing database (Agor, 1986a,b,c,d) to acceptance and use of predictive abilities (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974). Successful decision-makers have been found to have great predictive abilities (Cosier and Alpin, 1982 and Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974).However, many managers remain unwilling to acknowledge their use of intuition, fearing negative responses from their colleagues (Agor, 1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d). Additional researchers who twist this study are Barnard (1968), Vaughan (1979), Hermann (1981), Isenberg (1984), Simon (1987), and Parikh (1994). This study seeks to redefine i ntuition in a form which is acceptable to the rationalistic school and yet accommodates the scholarly but more inferential approaches.The study explores the use of intuition in an extensive cross section of people in organized environments. Theory/Aspect of Theory be Tested Gary Salton (1996) developed the Organizational Engineering theory as a way of measuring and predicting the behavior of interactive groups of people.In Saltons theory, humans beings are regarded as information processing organisms, by which, the human is bound to the Input-Process-Output model (Figure 1) common to all information processors, regardless of their format. INPUT PROCESS Figure 1 Basic Information Processing Model (Salton, 1996, p. 9) OUTPUT Saltons (1996) theory proposes the type of information sought and the intended direction of the output predetermines processing behavior.For example, if the upshot does not collect detail in the input phase of the process, his output will not likely be tightly structured, logical, precise, or optimal relative to the issue being addressed. Rather, minimal output will probably result. In effect, therefore an individual using an opportunistic strategy obtains speed of response at the price of precision.Saltons (1996) theory maintains an input-process-output model is largely governed by two large-scale factors method and mode, which are conceived as continuums. Method (Figure 2) governs the character of input. At one end of the continuum is what Salton calls an plain method. Using the un inventioned strategy, an individual simply acquires whatever information is readily available and appears relevant to the issue at hand. UNPATTERNED merged An Available Way Convenient Expedient Opportune Spontaneous METHOD (INFORMATION ORGANIZATION) A Preoutlined Way Template Formula Scheme Pattern Map Figure 2 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Method (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49).The other end of the method continuum (Salton, 1996) is d efined as a structured methodology. Here the individual has some form of structure and attempts to apply it to acquire information, which appears relevant to the issue at hand. An individual can move to any point on the continuum job speed, precision, understanding and certainty of outcome with every increment along the scale. Salton (1996) defines the other large-scale characteristic as mode. This is visualized also as a continuum (Figure 3) ranging from thought on one polar extreme to action on the other. Salton defines thought not as a cognitive activity but rather as an intermediate result.Therefore, under Saltons definition, a plan requiring many hours of physical activity and which might fill reams of paper will still be considered a thought found response. It is intermediate. It has no effect on the outside world or the issue being addressed until it is acted upon. Action (Salton, 1996) is the other end of the mode continuum. Here, the subject acts directly to affect the is sue in question. This action may or may not have been preceded by thought as defined by Salton. From this perspective of intuition theory, action can be seen as a more decisive, aggressive, or positive response by an external observer. Thought, on the other hand, appears to the outside observer to be more rational, reflective, or coherent.Therefore, a subject tending to favor the action end of Saltons continuum will tend to be seen as decisive, operations-focused, and hands-on. These characteristics were associated with people employing intuitive strategies (Eisenhardt, 1989). THOUGHT ACTION An Intermediate Step Plans Assessments Evaluations Judgements Advise Counsel MODE (DIRECTION FOR USE OF INFORMATION) A Direct motion on the Issue under Consideration Initiative Intervention Act Execution Figure 3 Large Scale Determinants of Information Processing Mode (Salton and Fields, 1999, p. 49) These basic components of Saltons theory carry major implications for the study of intuition th eory. Various combinations of method and mode produce behaviors paralleling the behaviors attributed to intuition.For example, a person using an unpatterned approach appears to an outside observer to be following a more intuitive strategy. There appears to be no logical structure to the information required. The logic exists, but it is in the mind of the subject and concerns the potential relevance of information to the specific issue being addressed. If questioned, the subject may or may not be able to readily articulate why a particular element of information was selected. The outcome of this process is entirely consistent with rapid decision-making, displaying characteristics that are considered instinctivea phenomenon often attributed to intuition (Eisenhardt, 1989).The use of the unpatterned end of Saltons continuum also produces results consistent with Clarks (1973) view, since the person will not know how he knows what he knows. The mode element of Saltons theory also has imp lications for intuition theory.The thought side of Saltons continuum focuses primarily on intermediate locomote (study, assessment, evaluation, etc. ), many of which are not observable. Therefore, a person using an unpatterned method and thought mode may experience intuitive insights not visibly displayed. A person using an unpatterned method with an action mode, however, will exhibit behaviors an observer can readily attribute to intuition. Inputs potentially effectual to address the issue at hand are quickly acquired and promptly applied.A portion of these will successfully address the issue at hand and may be noticed by others who interact with the decision-maker. These outsiders may comment on the decision-makers insight, further establishing or reinforcing the decision-makers self-conception as being intuitive. An example may help illustrate this situation.Consider a situation in which a person uses an unpatterned method to address a particular issue, such as when an executiv e interacts with the Board of Directors or with special interest groups. The person would begin indiscriminatingly seizing information, to help resolve the issue. If the person is also using an action mode, he will tend to apply the information without hesitation. If it works, the search is over.If it does not, he or she returns to the environment, picks up another piece of information, and cycles through the process again. The indiscriminate acquisition of information increases the prospect of discovering an improbable but valid way of addressing the issue. In other words, by not following an established structure, the person increases the betting odds of a serendipitous discovery or of a previously unrecognized approach to resolve a problem. This type of resolution is easily attributable to insight or intuition since it is unexpected and not readily attributable to an obvious antecedent. Intangible concepts like intuition may be the real stimulus.Because research in information acquisition is limited as well as in planning the application, the cycles can occur very rapidly. The use of the action mode increases the probability an individual will repeatedly demonstrate intuitive-type results in a manner visible to others. This often-observed style or behavior in turn suggests an innate quality. Hence, the person is considered to be intuitive. Similarly, method and mode operate in a continuum thus, people would exhibit degrees of intuition. However, the more committed a person is using an unpatterned method for information acquisition, the more likely they will display behavior attributable to intuition, and whom others will describe as using an intuitive strategy.The focus on this combination of method and mode is similar to other thinkers in the field. For example, many issues addressed at the senior executive level do not have a readily identifiable structure of information acquisition. Some have parameters encouraging thought based (i. e. , intermediate) responses, while others will require immediate action/reaction. Therefore Salton suggests executives will use both nonlogical and logical methods in the conduct of their ordinary affairsjust as Barnard (1968) also proposed and Agor (1986a, 1986b, 1986c, 1986d) confirmed. Salton does not directly address intuition in his research because his focus is on the interactive behavior people use in group activity.Other theorists and researchers have relied on noeticly based processes, which are not readily visible to external observers. However, as demonstrated above, Saltons theory can readily serve as a vehicle for integrating the works of multiple authors who have written extensively on intuition. In addition, Saltons theory has the merit of using ratio-scaled variables that allow people to express degrees of commitment to one or another strategy (i. e. , method and mode) which can be measured and tested. This study proposes the behavior a person exhibits using unpatterned information acquisition methods and action-based output modes will be consistent with the work found by numerous intuition theorists.This study also proposes the use of these strategies (unpatterned method, action mode) will be systematically exhibited in a manner consistent with the findings of others. Research Question This study will focus on the following research question with regards to management decision-making and the use of intuition Do various combinations of method and mode produce results that are consistent with the findings other researchers have attributed to intuition? Definition of Terms Organizational Engineering theory adopts a set of variables useful in describing the operation of the theory. This section defines these, as well as other ground applied in this study.Intuition A way of perceiving which relies on relationships, meanings, and possibilities beyond the reach of the conscious mind (Myers and McCaulley, 1985) and includes behavioral attributes (Brown, 1990). A w ay of subtile in which we often do not know how we know what we know (Vaughan, 1979). conjectural Analyzer One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Logical Processor One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using structured methods (Salton, 1996). Reactive Stimulator One who processes information with an inclination for the action mode using unpatterned methods (Salton, 1996). Relational Innovator One who processes information in a thought-oriented mode using unpatterned method (Salton, 1996).Changer This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Reactive Stimulator (Salton, 1996). Conservator This orientation pattern combines the styles of Logical Processor and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Perfector This orientation pattern combines the styles of Relational Innovator and Hypothetical Analyzer (Salton, 1996). Performer This orientation pattern combines t he styles of Reactive Stimulator and Logical Processor (Salton, 1996). Figure 4 (Salton, 1996) illustrates the various combinations and their resulting strategic patterns, given different primary and lowly strategic profiles. PATTERN Changer Conservator Performer Reactive Stimulator (RS) Logical Processor (LP) Figure 4 Summary of Strategic Patterns.Perfector Relational Innovator (RI) Hypothetical Analyzer (HA) Overview of Total Research Study Chapter 2 reviews the findings of major authors in the field of intuition research and forms the foundation for the testable hypotheses to be used to examine the research question. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Intuition is a relatively new subject of academic interest. Literature on the subject, particularly on its use in decision-making did not become prevalent until the early mid-s hithertoties (Argyris, 1973a, 1973b Clark, 1973 Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, Schroeder, 1974 Jung, 1971 Leavitt, 1975a, 1975b Livingston, 1971 Mintzberg, 1973, 19 75, 1976 and Simon, 1977).These works, along with research in the 1980s, incorporated intuition related literature and research prior to the 1970s and as far back as the 1950s (Riggs, 1987). This research study concentrates specifically on the research literature as it relates to the use of intuition in decision-making among organization managers and executives. Various organizational environments are examined in the literature review and thus, may be reasonably considered an overview of the subject. This research is classified into two categories (1) theoretical developments concerning the concept of intuition, and (2) survey studies supporting the premise for using intuition in decision-making.The overview provides information on the use of intuition in business organizations as a function of leadership and decision-making and explores various well- established methodologies as well as those still in development. Definition of Intuition The term intuition is defined as knowing som ething instinctively a state of being aware of or knowing something without having to discover or perceive it. (Encarta, 1999). Intuition is seen as an innate capacity not directly accessible by considering the process which gives rise to a judgment or action involving it. Thus, intuition seems to be a residual process reconciling whatever cant be explained by other means. The literature reflects the inherent lack of obvious conceptual framework for the term intuition.Some of the choice descriptors are ESP, psi, judgment, insight, and gut feelings (Dean, Mihalasky, Ostrander, and Schroeder, 1974) hunch (Barnard, 1968) extrasensory perception (Leavitt, 1975b) non-rational (Cohen and March, 1974) recognition (Goldberg, 1983 Ray and Myers, 1986), and edge (Tichy, 1997). Such non-specific definitions suggest that different authors and researchers could be describing different processes or even measuring different phenomenon. Conversely, experts could be referring to the same phenomenon with different labels.Major Theorists This study attempts to capture the value of various theorists approaches by focusing on the central contribution of each, and how these compare or contrast to Organizational Engineering theory. Theorists are often classified as personality based such as Jung or transpersonal based such as Vaughan.The more classical theorists approach view intuition as a distinct pattern of thought from the rational mode (Jung, 1971), while the transpersonal theorists approach considers the integration of rational and intuitive approaches and considers them both valid and separate, as well as complementary (Goldberg, 1983 Vaughan, 1979) One of the most important figures to focus on the concept of intuition is Carl Jung. His theory of psychological types is the basis for the development of the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (Kroeger and Thuesen, 1992).Jungs theory of intuition suggests intuition is a psychological function present in all people to varying degrees and is manifested in personality types. Jung defines intuition as a perception and comprehension of the altogether at the expense of details attributable to unconscious process.Intuition is thus viewed as a cognitive function outside the province of reason and given consideration whenever established rational or other cognitive concepts do not work. In short, it is the perception of reality in which the intuitive knows, but does not know how he knows (Clark, 1973). Later, Jung broadens his thoughts on personality types by introducing the concept of synchronicity, which further helps to explain intuitive-type feelings and visions not attributable to coincidence (Rowan, 1986). Jung uses such phrases for intuition as hunches, inspiration, and insight to problem-solving methods, all of which reflect little patience for detail or routine (Behling and Eckel, 1991). Vaughan (1979) describes fourlevels of intuition physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. The theorists, writers and researchers describe intuition in both psychological and physiological terms. Intuition experienced through physical levels includes bodily sensations such as tension or discomfort. This is not to say however that every bodily sensation indicates an intuitive message, but these physical symptoms can be used for self-awareness, as well as a source of warnings and signs. Emotional intuitive messages take several forms, such as liking or disliking something or someone for no apparent reason, feeling the need to perform an action or do something, and sensing energy levels in oneself or others.Emotional level intuition can be used to deepen ones self-awareness and to understand others (Vaughan, 1979). The mental level of intuition is typically experienced as images or ideas. It may appear as the perception of patterns, insights, or images, especially in problem-solving situations. Intuition at the mental level can be used to trigger creativity, explore problem-solving areas not previously mined, and to enhance learning (Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition does not rely on sensations, feelings, or thoughts. In fact, these are considered being distracters at the spiritual level (Blackwell, 1987 Vaughan, 1979). Spiritual intuition is a means for improving self-awareness and transpersonal experiences.Vaughan does not sort out whether a single intuition mode is responsible for all four types or whether unique factors exist for each type. This generality suggests Vaughan is defining taxonomy rather than a theoretical specification which can be tested and validated through scientific methods. Saltons Organizational Engineering theory however does account for all facets of Vaughans taxonomy. Saltons theory focuses on inputs and outputs, regardless of the source or the outcome. Vaughans physical, emotional, mental or spiritual intuitive factors can be accounted for with tally facility. Saltons Organizational Engineering theory argues intuition is the result o f a single process.Therefore, there is no operational need to specify the source or destination of the input-output chain (Salton, 2000). Vaughans approach may be of value in describing intuition but it is not suitable to test the concept. Like Vaughan, Salton is apathetic to the source of the input providing the initial drive toward an external response. Further, Salton makes no judgment about the value, or lack of value, of these explanations. The rational approach to intuition accepts the notion that the human mind has alternative methods of processing information and these methods influence behaviors. For example, Jung posits four independent but interacting categories of cognition intuition, thinking, feeling, and sensing. Each of these cate.